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������������������������� Research�� Abstract� No.74 ����������������������� Review and synthesis of research studies relating to work outcomes ��������������������������������������������������������� by ������������������������������������������� Preteep����� Jinnge ������������������������������������������������������������� Dusadee�� Yolao ������������������������������������������������������������� Usa���������� Srigindarat ������������������������ The objectives of this research study were� to summarize the progress and�� development� of� research� results� relating� to work� outcomes,� and to� look� for� variables�� affecting��� work outcomes� using� the meta-analysis� method� to compute� and combine effect sizes.���� The sample consisted of� 222� researches published during 1987 - 1995.� Data coding� form, developed� by� researchers,� was� used� as� tool� to� collect� research� results.� The data� was then analyzed and synthesized using qualitative and quantitative methods of research integration. �������������������� The following findings are found� : ������������������� 1. Work outcomes� from� research� findings� can� be grouped��� into�� 3 �categories�� as work behavior, work performance, and work efficiency. ������������������� 2. Samples� used� in� most� researches� were� government officials (81.47 %),� and the rest remainders were� from private organizations (18.53%). ������������������� 3. According� to� research�� problems� content ,� researches on� work� outcomes� are divided�� into�� the� following� proportions : 54.06% of� them studied work problems and� level of work outcomes, 22.52 %�� compares� work� outcomes,�� 3.60 % correlated�� variables� with� work� outcomes,��� 18.02%�� studied� effect� of� variables� on� work outcomes and 1.80%� used� training to improve work outcomes. ������������������� 4. Results of qualitative research integration� are as follows: ������������������������� 4.1 The integration shows moderate level� of� work problems.�� The important�� work� problems� are:��� lack� of� ability� and�� knowledge� to perform�� work� (23.91%),���� lack� of�� personnel�� (19.56%),��� lack� of� work� cooperation����� (17.39%),� irresponsibility� of personnel� (13.04%),�� lack of� cooperation�� from� others� (10.87%),��� lack� of�� monitoring� and� evaluation� of�� work� outcomes(10.87%),� lack of work role understanding� (8.69%), and lack of� internal and external relations. ����������������������� 4.2� The integration shows high level of work outcomes. ����������������������� 4.3�� Independent�� variables�� found��� in�� studies��� that�� compared� work� problems� are:�� position�� at� work,� educational level, work experience,�� time at work, age,�� marital status,� gender, salary, etc.����� However� the only one� variable that showed significant result is status at work. ����������������������� 4.4� Independent� variables� found� in� studies� comparing��� level of work outcomes are:�� status� at� work,� educational level, work experience, age, gender, training, etc.����� The� results from these comparisons are not significant. ����������������������� 4.5� When�� researches� are� grouped�� into� correlation��� study,�� the following results are found. ��������������������������� 4.5.1 External�� variables�� related� to�� work� outcomes�� are� :�� physical �environment, leadership� behavior,� relationship� in� workgroup, work hours per day, support,�� work experience,number of personnel, cooperation among workers, work coordination, housing, personality of coworkers, and professional relationship. ��������������������������� 4.5.2� Internal� variables� found� related� to work outcomes are� : knowledge� of� work� understanding of work� role, attitude toward work, and� ethics. ��������������������������� 4.5.3� Bio-social��� variables�� found�� related�� to� work are : age,� work� experience ,� position at work, time in� position, and educational level. ������������������� 4.6 When�� researches�� are��� grouped�� into�� multivariate���� correlational study,��� the following results are found. ����������������������� 4.6.1� External variables found� affecting work outcomes�� are :� social�� support,�� leadership,�� inservice training ,� empowerment,�� physical environment,�� relationship�� among� workers,� communication,� supervision,� management policy, work participation,�� opportunity to show ability, management� scope, work atmosphere,� job characteristics,���� cooperation,��� administrative�� behaviors,����� receiving��� information related� to� work, working resources,�� quality� of�� supervision,� database� accessibility,��� available� time� on�� job,�� work� strategy,�� justice,�� personnel��� preparation,�� applying� psychological�� knowledge,�� work�� appraisal,��� social�� and�� economic�� status,����� transportation,� efficiency of work� unit, work stability, opportunity for advancement, conflict in work,� structure� of� teamwork,��� reward� from work,� accomplishment,� respectfulness,�� work discipline,�� specialization,�� role�� performance,�� diffuse�� of�� power,� problem of local politic, human resources in area and society,�� information management,�� local culture. ����������������������� 4.6.2�� Internal��� variables���� found�� affecting�� work� outcomes��� are :� work� attitude,�� knowledge� and� ability of work,�� job�� satisfaction,��� achievement��� motivation,� work� perception,�� work� motivation,�� internal�� locus� of� control,��� understanding� of� work� role and� duty,� personality, Buddhist characteristics, future orientation, outcome expectation,��� morale,� human� relationship,�� limitation� of� work� related�� knowledge, responsibility,� self control,� energetically work,� moral� reasoning,� mental health, and organization culture. ����������������������� 4.6.3� Bio-social�� variables�� found�� affecting��� work��� outcomes�� are :��� age, educational level, gender, work� experiences,� income,� time in work, job position, marital status, occupation, salary, special ability,�� childcare responsibility , work load, household neighborhood. ������������������� 4.7���� Studies of work outcomes improvement suggested that� training� in �areas� relating� to� work� behaviors�� and�� psychological��� traits�� can�� improve�� work� outcomes.����� Use of modeling techniques to improve work behaviors is one example. ������������������� 4.8� The�� quantitative�� synthesis�� of�� research�� results�� using�� vote�� counting method�� as� proposed�� by��� Hedges�� found�� that�� the� estimate� effect� size� for bio-social variables is 0.01� where as� the� effect�� size� for� the internal variables is between 0.02-0.05,� and� the� effect� size� for� the� external variables is between 0.01-0.10.�� Variables that�� have� positive� effect� on� work�� outcomes are :�� pay,� work� knowledge, � job satisfaction,�� work�� attitude,�� motivation� to� work,��� role� understanding,� and� locus of control,�� achievement motivation.�� The important� external variables are social supports,� leader behaviors,� relationship among workers,� communication,� physical environment,� management policy, and work atmosphere. | SWU |������ | BSRI |